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Running Technique Reference

16 measurement guides, grouped by gait phase.

Initial Contact2
Midstance8

Midstance Knee Flexion

130°–140° included (≈40°–50° of flexion)

At midstance on the LEFT leg, draw the thigh line (hip → knee), then the shank line (knee → ankle). The angle between them is knee flexion.

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Foot Pronation

5° to 8° eversion (calcaneus rolls inward relative to tibia)

From behind the LEFT leg, draw two lines. Line 1 (tibia midline): click the middle of the soleus (mid-calf), then the bottom of the Achilles tendon. Line 2 (calcaneus): click the top of the heel bone, then the bottom of the heel. The angle between the two lines is rear-foot pronation (eversion).

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Pelvic Drop (Contralateral)

0° to 5° (contralateral hip drops slightly)

During LEFT-leg stance, click the left iliac crest first, then the right. The angle vs. horizontal is the contralateral drop.

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Trunk Bend

0° to 5° (slight lean toward the stance leg is normal — compensates for contralateral drop)

During LEFT-leg stance, click the base of the neck (C7 spinous process), then the midpoint of the pelvis. The angle vs. vertical is the trunk's lateral bend.

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Knee Adduction / Abduction

−5° to +5° (close to neutral; positive = valgus/inward)

From the front, draw the LEFT thigh line (hip → knee) and then the shank line (knee → ankle). Inward deviation is adduction (valgus); outward is abduction (varus).

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Foot Adduction / Abduction

−5° to +10° (slight out-toe is normal; in-toe is the larger flag)

From the front, trace the LEFT foot axis from the ankle to the mid-toe. The angle vs. line of progression (image vertical) is the adduction (in-toeing) or abduction (out-toeing).

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Trunk Forward Lean

Lean 4°–8° forward · Head −8° to +12° (0° = ear/shoulder/hip stacked; + head forward, − head held back).

Draw distinct lines like the other tools. Line 1 — the trunk: hip → base of the neck (so the line tracks the trunk midline, not the shoulder joint). Then press Enter to finish, or add an optional Line 2 — the neck: base of neck → ear. The trunk line gives the forward lean; the optional neck line adds head position (head in line with the trunk).

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Arm Carriage

≈ 80° – 100° elbow flexion; much straighter (> ~110°) or over-bent (< ~70°) wastes swing efficiency.

At midstance, draw the upper arm (shoulder → elbow) first, then the forearm (elbow → wrist). The interior angle at the elbow is the arm-carriage (elbow-flexion) angle.

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Push-Off3

Hip Extension at Push-Off

10° – 20° of extension (thigh trailing behind the pelvis); negative = still ahead of it

At LEFT toe-off, draw the trunk line (base of the neck → hip — so it tracks the trunk midline, not the shoulder joint) first, then the thigh line (greater trochanter → lateral epicondyle of the knee). The angle between them is hip extension — how far the thigh has travelled behind the line of the pelvis. A thigh still AHEAD of the hip at toe-off reads as a NEGATIVE value (“6.2° flexed”) — that is not a small amount of extension, it is none at all, and it grades more severely than a small positive.

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Pelvic Tilt

Under 10° anterior is normal; 10°–20° is worth watching; over 20° is excessive (Powers Running Assessment).

At toe-off, click the BACK of the pelvis (PSIS) first, then the FRONT (ASIS). The angle of that line vs. horizontal is the tilt: positive means the front has dropped (anterior tilt), negative means the pelvis is tucked under (posterior). ✨ places the pair across the hip square to the trunk — that is a starting position, not a reading. The angle only means anything once both points are on the bony landmarks.

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Ankle Plantarflexion at Push-Off

20° – 30° of plantarflexion past neutral

At LEFT toe-off, draw the shank line (knee → ankle) first, then the foot line (lateral malleolus → 5th metatarsal / pinky toe). The reading is how far the foot opens past a neutral 90° resting position — positive plantarflexed, negative dorsiflexed.

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Other3